Signs and Symptoms of West Nile Virus (WNV)...

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Medically reviewed by Mary Josephine Hessert, DOMedically reviewed by Mary Josephine Hessert, DOWest Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne illness that usually causes mild flu-like symptoms, such as a low-grade fever, headache, body aches, and fatigue. In very rare cases, it can lead to severe illness, causing symptoms like a high fever, confusion, muscle weakness, stiff neck, seizures, vision loss, and paralysis. About 8 out of 10 people who get West Nile virus do not develop symptoms. If you get symptoms, they typically start suddenly within 2-6 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. However, it can take up to two weeks for symptoms to appear. Common SymptomsWhile 80% of people with West Nile virus do not show symptoms, 20% get mild flu-like symptoms 3-15 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. Symptoms can last for a few days to several weeks. Common symptoms include:Body aches or joint painFatigue (feeling overly tired or weak)HeadacheLow-grade feverLoss of appetiteSkin rash, often on the chest, back, or stomach, that may be slightly itchyStomach upset, nausea, vomitingLess Common SymptomsLess common symptoms that may indicate West Nile virus include:DiarrheaDizziness or lightheadednessPain behind the eyesSore throatSwollen lymph nodes (enlarged glands in your neck, armpits, or groin)Rare Symptoms Less than 1% of West Nile virus cases lead to neuroinvasive disease (affects the nervous system), which can affect the brain and spinal cord. Neuroinvasive disease can lead to the following conditions that can be life-threatening and require immediate medical care:Encephalitis: Brain inflammationMeningitis: Inflammation of the meninges, the protective layers of tissue around the brain and spinal cordAcute flaccid myelitis: Causes sudden muscle weakness and paralysis, typically in the arms and legsGuillain-Barré syndrome: Occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the nerves, causing muscle weakness and, in severe cases, paralysisSymptoms of neuroinvasive disease may include:Coma (unresponsive)ConfusionHigh fever Muscle weaknessNumbness or tinglingParalysisSeizuresSevere headacheStiff neckTremors (uncontrollable shaking movements, often in the hands)Vision lossRare ComplicationsIn rare cases, West Nile virus can also cause serious complications such as:Breakdown of muscle tissueHeart muscle inflammation (swelling)Inflammation of parts of the eye or optic (eye) nerveLiver or pancreas inflammationArrhythmia (irregular heartbeat)Swelling of the testiclesConsiderations for Pregnant or Breastfeeding ParentsThere isn’t much research on how West Nile virus affects pregnancy. Still, there is no substantial evidence that it makes getting pregnant more difficult or increases the risk of complications or miscarriage. If you contract WNV while pregnant, it’s rare to pass it on to your baby. Most pregnant people with WNV have healthy babies. In one case, an infant contracted WNV through breast milk but had no symptoms and stayed healthy. The common belief is that the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the potential risks. However, it's best to consult with your healthcare provider so they can provide recommendations based on the latest evidence.Is West Nile Virus Contagious?You can not spread the West Nile virus through casual or close contact, such as touching, talking, kissing, coughing, or sneezing. It is a mosquito-borne illness that spreads through the bite of an infected mosquito, which becomes a carrier after feeding on birds or other animals that carry the virus. In very rare cases, WNV can spread in other ways, like blood transfusions, organ transplants, or from parent to baby during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. However, these situations are extremely uncommon, and there's a low risk of getting the infection this way.The best way to stay safe is to avoid mosquito bites by using insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying indoors when mosquitoes are most active. Peak mosquito activity is typically from dusk to dawn in warm seasons or climates.
Origin of the Name "West Nile Virus"West Nile virus (WNV) is a type of flavivirus, a family of viruses transmitted by insects like mosquitoes and ticks. Other well-known diseases caused by flaviviruses include dengue fever, yellow fever, and Zika. Scientists named the West Nile virus after its discovery in the West Nile district of Uganda in 1937.
When to Contact a Healthcare Provider Most people with West Nile virus don’t have symptoms or only mild symptoms that resolve on their own. However, the following symptoms indicate that you should contact a healthcare provider.A bad headache that doesn’t go awayA mild or moderate fever that lasts for at least three daysA rash that spreads or comes with other symptomsEye pain Feeling very tired, making it difficult to do everyday activitiesMuscle pain that doesn’t improveTalk to your provider sooner if you are at higher risk of serious illness with West Nile virus and think you might have it. Those at higher risk include adults over 60, people with health conditions like diabetes or hypertension (high blood pressure), those with weakened immune systems, and people who have had an organ transplant.If you or a loved one has the following severe symptoms, go to the emergency room or call 911 immediately:A high fever, especially if it does not resolve quickly with treatmentA sudden and severe headacheConfusionDifficulty moving your neck or pain in your neckFainting or unresponsivenessSeizuresSudden weakness or inability to move part of your bodyVision loss
Questions To Ask Your ProviderIf you have concerns about contracting or possibly having West Nile virus and decide to seek healthcare, consider asking your provider the following questions.How can I protect myself from West Nile virus?I have a headache, body aches, and fatigue, could I have West Nile virus?Are there effective treatments for West Nile virus?How long does it usually take to recover from West Nile Virus?Are there any long-term effects of West Nile Virus?
A Quick Review West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne illness that can cause various symptoms, from mild to severe. While 8 out of 10 people with WNV do not have any symptoms, some may develop flu-like symptoms, such as fever, headache, body aches, and fatigue that last a week or two.In rare cases, WNV can lead to serious symptoms like high fever, severe headache, confusion, muscle weakness, seizures, or paralysis. Seek emergency medical help if you experience any severe symptoms.Frequently Asked Questions

How long does West Nile virus last?

West Nile virus symptoms typically resolve within two weeks. However, some symptoms, like fatigue and weakness, can last several weeks or months. Severe cases, especially in older adults or those with a weakened immune system, may require a longer recovery.

What are the chances of surviving West Nile?

Most people with West Nile virus recover completely, especially with mild symptoms. About 1 in 150 people get very sick. Of these severe cases, around 10% might not survive. Older adults and people with chronic health problems or weakened immune systems are at higher risk.

Can you get West Nile from one mosquito bite?

You can get West Nile Virus (WNV) from just one mosquito bite if that mosquito carries the virus. The infected mosquito bite can transmit WNV into your bloodstream. However, not all mosquitoes are infected, so not every bite will result in the virus.

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